Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Sedentary in much of Middle East, partly migratory in C Asia. Departs from breeding grounds in C Asia Jul to mid-Sept. Present in N Iran Apr-Aug, and in Sudan Sept-Mar. Migratory flocks small, of 1-6 birds, but possibly augmented during passage; flocks in spring generally slightly larger, up to 100. Few birds winter in extreme SW Turkmenistan. Rare migrant and occasional winterer in Egypt, Israel and Arabia; probably migrates on broad front across Arabia. In Iraq, moves from breeding sights in summer when water bodies dry up, and makes local movements in winter, deserting flooded zones. Wintering birds in Sudan, Pakistan and India present Sept-Mar. Reaches breeding grounds in C Asia from mid-Mar. In winter usually found in flocks of 6-25 birds.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
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