Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Post-breeding movement both N and S to favourable feeding grounds, until S migration begins in mid-Sept. European birds move S along W coast of Africa, to winter mostly in tropics, a few remaining in W Europe; up to 35,000 off Mauretania in Dec. Adults move further S than young, the latter spending their 2nd year in Africa. Many Black Sea birds winter in the Mediterranean or Black Seas; rarely reach W Africa. Caspian Sea birds winter in the N Indian Ocean from S Red Sea to Pakistan, including Persian Gulf, but some remain in the Caspian and a few reach S India and Sri Lanka; irregular winter visitor E Africa (Kenya, Tanzania). North American birds move S through Caribbean and along both coasts of Central America to South America; some linger in SE USA and Caribbean, others reach Uruguay and W South America; sometimes numerous on C coast of Peru. Race eurygnatha winters in S Caribbean and along Atlantic coast of South America to Argentina; some post-breeding wandering in Gulf Stream N to North Carolina; few sightings from Colombia, including one on Pacific Coast. In Uruguay, eurygnatha is uncommon along coast in breeding season, while typical acuflavidus appears in winter from North America.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
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