Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Mostly migratory. Fenno-Scandian and some W Russian birds winter in W & S Europe and in N Africa; breeding birds of British Is and France mainly resident. Asian breeders winter in Iraq, Iran, Azerbaijan and India through Indochina to SE China, and occasionally S to Brunei; few records in Luzon (N Philippines) perhaps require reconfirmation. Timing of autumn departure related to onset of frosts (Oct-Nov); return to breeding grounds, Mar to mid-May, also closely related to temperature. Females migrate first, at least in some areas. Both young and parents often return to previous nesting areas. Migrates nocturnally.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
• Copyright: GROMS/BfN - www.groms.de
  
  (A digitised version of this map is published in GIS shape format on the GROMS CD).