Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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N breeders migratory, leaving area from Sept to mid-Nov; start and progress of migration considerably influenced by weather; cold fronts appear to prompt heavy flights S; earliest autumn movements precede decrease in food availability. Birds return Jan to mid-Apr. Migrants probably follow coastline in E and broad river valleys in Midwest. Birds from NE USA and most of Canada E of Ontario move into S Atlantic states, from Virginia southwards; birds from W of Appalachian Mts. and also from Quebec and Ontario probably follow Mississippi R and major tributaries into Gulf states; Gulf states receive migrants from NW, NC & NE of range. S breeders probably mostly sedentary, but some early hatched young might join northward migrations. Vagrant W to Montana and Colorado.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
• Copyright: GROMS/BfN - www.groms.de
  
  (A digitised version of this map is published in GIS shape format on the GROMS CD).