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Nominate race both sedentary and migratory, birds from N of range moving S and SW to winter in Mediterranean basin, N Africa (extending far into Sahara, in Algeria and Libya) and E to S Caspian area. In Europe and Russia autumn migration begins Aug, peaks Sept-Oct, ends Dec; spring migration begins Feb, peaks Mar to mid-Apr and ends by May. Passes through Morocco Sept, Algeria Sept-Oct, Egypt Sept-Nov; occurs coastal Libya Oct-Apr and at Saharan sites Dec-Apr. Passage recorded Azerbaijan Sept-Nov and Mar-May. Scarce passage migrant in Oman, occasionally overwintering; occurs Aug-May. Has bred in Cyprus and wanders to Spitsbergen, Madeira, Canary Is and Azores. Race hibernans probably migrates to Faeroes in winter, occurs on passage at Scottish island and in winter in Ireland, and wanders to Greenland and Jan Mayen. Race korejewi partly migratory and wanders to Sind and NW India, and to Arabia. Race indicus largely migratory, occurring in winter S to Borneo (3 records, Brunei and Sarawak); occurs in Japan May-Oct and winters S Japan to Yaeyama Is Oct-Mar/Apr. Migrates at night, on broad fronts, and even crosses mountain systems such as Alps.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
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