Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Well known for habit of hibernation during cold weather (see page 309). Nominate race in part sedentary and in part migratory. N populations leave breeding grounds late Sept to Nov (N birds departing earlier than S) and move S to winter throughout S parts of range from SE California and S Texas to C Mexico; S limit of wintering range poorly known. Return to breeding grounds Feb-Mar (late Apr to mid-May farther N). Race californicus also migratory in N of range and sedentary in S. Other races generally sedentary, although some populations of race adustus may undertake altitudinal movements outside breeding season. Possible vagrant recorded in Florida.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1999)

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