Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Migratory. Appears in Siberian tundra in early Jun; Taymyr population migrates over middle taiga along R Yenisey in late May, stopping in parties of 3-7 birds at thawed patches in forest openings and near villages; departs late Aug to early Sept; some birds migrate E in broad front across taiga. Southward migration takes place in large flocks, and at night. Non-breeders leave 2-4 weeks before breeders, and young birds some weeks after adults. Some Alaskan breeders fly 4500 km non-stop across Pacific Ocean to Hawaiian Is; adults reach Hawaiian Is in Aug, juveniles in Sept; arrival in Fiji in early Sept, New Zealand in Oct. E Africa and E Asia probably reached by overland migration across W Siberia; Indian winterers across Tibet. Highly faithful to wintering sites.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
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