Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Migrates almost exclusively via sea routes; observed migrating 80-160 km offshore. Non-breeding birds disperse from late Jun, adult females leave early Jun and adult males and juveniles late Jul to Aug, adult males on average earlier; few birds s of equator before late Aug, but most present at non-breeding quarters by end Nov. Chie non- breeding areas off coast of W & SW Africa, in upwellings of Guinea and Canary Currents, especially off Mauritania, and also Benguela Current off Namibia and South Africa, and W South America, especially Humboldt Current off Chile; suggested wintering areas in SW Atlantic and Arabian Sea uncertain. Nearctic breeders do not move down W Atlantic coast but winter off Africa, uncertain how many Nearctic breeders winter in Pacific; sightings in C Pacific and lack of them in SE Asia suggest that Siberian breeders winter in Humboldt Current. Evidently departs South African and Chilean seas in Mar, and W & SW African seas in Apr. Migrates along Arctic coasts and reoccupies breeding grounds late May to mid-Jun, C Siberia from early Jun; females on average first, often after waiting at sea for 2-3 weeks for ground to thaw.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
• Copyright: GROMS/BfN - www.groms.de
  
  (A digitised version of this map is published in GIS shape format on the GROMS CD).