Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Leaves breeding grounds in Aug in loose flocks, coalescing into larger groups on reaching the coast or the great Lakes. Alberta breeders migrate to Pacific, those from Saskatchewan to the Mississippi fly or Great Lakes. E birds migrate SE to R St Lawrence, some moving E to Bay of Fundy, others S across New York to Long I, and others West to L Erie and valley of Mississippi. Winter aggregations of more than 30,000 occur in Bay of Fundy, and more than 100,000 sometimes occur on Niagara R in Nov and L Erie in Dec, prior to freez-up. Birds move quickly down Maine coast in Sept, and in Oct reach Massachusetts, where they linger until Dec. On long I numbers peak in mid-Nov, but some remain throughout winter, particularly in mild years. Accidental in Europe and Japan.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
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