Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Long distance migrant. Race lapponica wintering in Europe originates from N Europe and Russia E to Yamal Peninsula; birds breeding further E (to Taymyr) winter in W Africa, Sept-Apr, staging at W European intertidal areas during mid Apr to May and mid-Jul to Aug; females winter further S than males. Major migration passes through North Sea basin and Baltic, only some through Caspian Sea areas, presumably birds wintering in S Africa; inland records suggest continental crossing by SW African wintering birds. In Apr-May, many birds gather in Wadden Sea to moult and fatten. In E Asia, baueri and menzbieri, commonly migrate through W Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Japan and Korea; probably also use trans-Pacific route, between Korea, Japan and SE China and Australia. Wintering birds in NW Australia are likely to be of race menzbieri, while SE Australian birds possibly originate from Alaska. Alaskan birds move down Bering Sea coast and through Pribilof and Aleutian Is. High degree of site fidelity on non-breeding grounds; many non-breeders remain S all year.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
• Copyright: GROMS/BfN - www.groms.de
  
  (A digitised version of this map is published in GIS shape format on the GROMS CD).