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E USA populations winter in coastal E USA (S through Florida and rarely N to New Jersey) and also S to Cuba, Jamaica and Guatemala. Recorded only in breeding season in S Mexico, Belize and Panama; only in winter in Guatemala and Jamaica; most Cuban records are of winter residents; transient in Bahamas; may winter more widely than is known in West Indies and in Central American breeding ranges; may breed very locally in Greater Antilles; present all year in Costa Rica. USA spring migration mid-Mar to early May; autumn migration early Sept to early Nov, mostly mid-Sept to mid-Oct; migrates at night along broad front; sometimes strikes towers and buildings. Accidental Canada (Ontario, Quebec), Maine, Rhode I, and Bermuda. Adults of Californian race (coturniculus) sedentary but juveniles may disperse erratically. South American race apparently sedentary.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

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