Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Adults depart breeding grounds in Fenno-Skandia Jul, Juveniles Aug; migrates in broad front SE across Europe; substantial numbers stage in Sivash, S Ukraine, in late May; also Middle East coasts, Caspian Sea and Sivash in Jul (adults) and Aug (juveniles), and Bulgarian seaboard in Sept; evidently some cross Sahara from Mediterranean and some pass E Mediterranean, from late Apr to late May and in early Oct. Present in Africa mainly from Sept to early Apr, early adults from Aug; in Sind, Pakistan, adults arrive late Jul to early Aug, juveniles late Aug to early Sept. In E probably flies across taiga in broad front, concentrating in S to cross the mountains; at least some birds apparently migrate via Minusinsk depression and Tuva (SC Siberia) and Tarnsaltai Gobi (Mongolia) in autumn; migrates through Hong Kong, along E Chinese coast, Taiwan and Japan in Apr-May and Sept-Oct, taking a more westerly route northward; large numbers pass Jiangsu, NE China, in Aug. Present in NW Australia mainly from late Oct. Return migration mid-Apr to early Jun, reaching breeding grounds in Fenno-Skandia mid-May to mid-Jun. A few remain at wintering sites. Migrate singly or in small parties, but on spring migration flocks of up to several hundred.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
• Copyright: GROMS/BfN - www.groms.de
  
  (A digitised version of this map is published in GIS shape format on the GROMS CD).