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Winter at sea well offshore, often to N Pacific, normally adjacent to breeding areas except N populations, which move relatively long distances S through Bering sea in to N Pacific. Post breeding dispersal widespread, occurring mostly solitary or in pairs, rarely in flocks, at very low densities, some birds moving S to waters off S Japan and S California. Returns to colonies in late Apr and May, with spring migratory movements probably beginning late Feb through Mar, but precise details of pattern and timing unknown, Spring and autumn movements probably complex, requiring further examination.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
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