Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Partly migratory; leap-frog migration, with northernmost breeders winter S of more S breeding populations. Race quarta possibly only moves short distance to C Kuril Is; tschuktschorum migrates to Alaska and farther S, regularly to Tokyo region in Japan, and Oregon and N California; nominate moves to Alaska Peninsula; couesi thought to be resident, possibly moving as far as Kodiak I in winter. Late autumn migrant. Returns to breeding grounds early, from mid-Apr, and adults start autumn migration early Jul, followed by juveniles in late Jul to early Aug. Occurs on N Vancouver I from mid-Sept and in Oregon from mid-Oct, remaining till early May.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
• Copyright: GROMS/BfN - www.groms.de
  
  (A digitised version of this map is published in GIS shape format on the GROMS CD).