Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Migratory. Four groups definable, migrating to different winter quarters, ranging from coasts of S Africa through S Asia to Australia, using staging areas in between on both ways, e.g. SE Asia and, on northward migration, Japan; occasional winter in small numbers in Japan. Race stegmani leaves breeding grounds late Jul to late Sept, females first, juveniles latest. Many E Siberian birds migrate occasionally, but large numbers of mongolus pass overland through Transbaikalia and Manchuria; marked southward movement down E coast of Australia in Aug-Nov. C Asian populations probably migrate directly to S Asian coast. In Siberia, flocks from early Jul and depart early Aug to early Sept, adults first; arrive in India, S Arabia and E Africa early Aug to mid-Sept. Race atrifrons starts moving N in late Feb; main departures Apr; northern breeding grounds reoccupied by mid-Apr to mid-May; stegmanni late may to early Jun. Some non-breeders remain on wintering grounds. Casual in NW Alaska, where has bred.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
• Copyright: GROMS/BfN - www.groms.de
  
  (A digitised version of this map is published in GIS shape format on the GROMS CD).