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Breeding populations near Mexico City and along USA-Mexico border are migratory; status in E foothills of Sierra Madre Occidental and in C Chihuahuan Desert uncertain. In north, birds arrive early Apr, depart Sept; at Mexico City, arrive Mar-Apr, departing Oct-Nov. Destinations of these birds not known, but species winters mostly in interior S & SW Mexico at 800-1800 m, from Jalisco, Guanajuato and Queretaro S to Guerrero and Oaxaca; occasionally W to Sinaloa. In Sierra de Manantlan, Jalisco, a summer visitor at end of dry season (May- Jun). Birds captured in S Arizona Apr-Aug (rare), away from known breeding areas, may be wanderers or breeders whose nest-sites have not been found. Other populations not studied.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1999)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1999) - www.hbw.com,
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