Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Poorly understood. Throughout much of range from India E to S China, populations largely sedentary or locally migratory, some movements possibly altitudinal only. Races kelaarti in Sri Lanka and phalaena on Palau Is probably sedentary. Race jotaka highly migratory: leaves breeding grounds Sept-Nov, moves S through E China, and possibly across South China Sea, to winter from S China, Indochina and Malaysia to Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Philippines. Japanese population possibly moves across Sea of Japan rather than East China Sea. Return migration probably Mar-May. Vagrants possibly of migratory race jotaka, recorded in N Moluccas (Halmahera Is), NW New Guinea (Maokwari, Irian Jaya) and Aleutian Is (Buldir Is).   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1999)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1999) - www.hbw.com,
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