Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Races ternominatus and peruvianus believed to be resident. Nominate migratory: winters from S of breeding range S to Central America, West Indies, Colombia, Ecuador and Islands off Venezuela; departs breeding grounds from mid-Jul and gathers in flocks in wet valleys, along rivers and on coast; migration from late Aug to Nov, with peak in late Sept; files along coast, but also in broad front over land; reaches S USA in Oct, some remaining till late Mar; returns to N & NE USA by Mar to early Apr. Late autumn storms may carry vagrants up Atlantic coast; possible cause of W European vagrants turning up Nov-Apr. Migrates at night.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
• Copyright: GROMS/BfN - www.groms.de
  
  (A digitised version of this map is published in GIS shape format on the GROMS CD).