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Resident and mostly sedentary, remaining in vicinity of colony, except in N areas. Pronounced movement from Peter the Great Bay in Aug and Sept (to moulting areas?), and most Sea of Okhotsk birds are forced S by ice formation, usually by early Dec; influx into Sea of Japan in early Sept believed to be related to N exodus. Also S movements along coasts of Japan in winter, probably mostly juveniles. In spring, reverse movement of adults probably complete by late Apr, with immatures arriving later. Winter distribution and movements little known.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
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