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Resident in low-latitude tropics; also an intra-African migrant, seasonal in N and S of range. The long-winged individuals in W Africa are possibly non-breeding migrants from S Africa, but no ringing recoveries or other positive evidence of two morphologically distinct populations are known. In S Arabia, appears as a summer visitor, e.g. in Oman May - Oct. In N Senegal a seasonal visitor in the rains, but present all year in the S; in Gambia Jun - Nov; in Ghana occurs mainly in wet season, a seasonal visitor in the N; in N Nigeria present during rains May - Oct, then migrates S for the dry season; in Sudan a breeding visitor in rains, except resident in extreme S; in Kenya a wet-season visitor in dry areas; in Malawi, most are present and sing Oct - Mar, though a few are observed in other months as well. In Sierra Leone, after breeding many birds withdraw to forest canopy where recorded Nov - Apr, and from late Feb to late Mar species hardly recorded outside forest; local movements probably correlated with caterpillar abundance. In Gabon it appears in savannas as a non-breeding visitor from the Sahel in Jan - Feb, and is a local resident at all seasons around weaver colonies. Accidental in Cyprus and Israel.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1997)

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