Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Migratory. Usually moves in small flocks of 5-12 birds, sometimes up to 30. Flocks form after breeding, gradually merging for migration during Aug; migrates S Aug-Oct; return migration mid Mar to early May. Stop- over sights in Iran, Iraq, Arabian Peninsula, Red Sea, and perhaps Gulf of Aden, but probably overflies Middle East region during autumn migration; migrates in broad front to and from NE Africa; arrives NE Africa from middle to late Aug; main arrivals in non-breeding areas Sept-Oct, averaging later S of equator. On migration, common to very abundant in Ethiopia (peak Aug-Sept), Somalia and coasts of Kenya and Tanzania; within Africa, gradually moves S in nomadic fashion following local dry seasons, in flocks of 5-20 birds, sometimes moving at night. Main wintering sites are upland plains of SW Kenya and Tanzania, and Botswana, N & E Namibia and South Africa. Departure from S Africa late Feb to early Mar, E & SE Africa late Mar to early Apr, arriving Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan from late Mar to early Apr. During non-breeding season, usually in small flocks of up to several hundreds.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
• Copyright: GROMS/BfN - www.groms.de
  
  (A digitised version of this map is published in GIS shape format on the GROMS CD).