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Race meridionalis at least partly migratory, crossing equator to reach Roraima from May; recorded in austral winter from Panama, N Colombia, Venezuela and Surinam, though scarcity there suggests some wintering occurs farther S, possibly among N breeding populations of this form. Arrives in breeding range early-mid Sept, earliest SE Brazil in late Aug. Irregular extended movements from breeding range up to mid-Apr. Non-breeding roost in Minas Gerais declines from Feb and species absent by mid-Apr. Difficult to ascertain post-breeding range, since at least part of breeding population in coastal Brazil may winter in that area or leave only briefly; few reliable winter records, with overlap of similar species. Breeding status in NE Brazil uncertain as birds may be at S limit of wintering range, N edge of breeding range, or just passing through. May overlap with C. pelagica in Bolivia and Argentina. Absent from Serra dos Orgaos (N of Rio) May to mid-Aug, from SE Brazil during coolest months, from Pocone (SW MATO Grosso) May-Nov, and largely from Paraguay during this season. Rarely recorded Bolivia, Feb and late Sept to early Oct. Colombian/Venezuelan Illanos and Orinoco basin should be investigated as potential wintering grounds. Vagrant to S Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and Falkland Is.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1999)

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