Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Migratory. Variety of migration strategies, from short coastal flights to long, non-stop flights overland on broad front. Race arctica moves from Greenland through Iceland, Britain and W France to Morocco and W Africa, primarily to Banc d´Arguin, Mauritania; arrives in Africa from late Jul and departs mainly Mar to early Apr; return migration farther W up W Britain, probably overflying Iceland. Race schinzii passes through Britain, France and Portugal to NW Africa; few may winter in SW England; continental birds move N up continental coasts, when fewer reach Britain than after breeding. Race alpina winters in Europe and NW Africa; easternmost birds migrate farthest; many moult in Wadden Sea or Wash, arriving from Jul, followed by W movements in Oct-Nov to British Is; birds wintering in E Mediterranean make long distance, flights overland across E Europe. At least 3 races move down E Asian coast, where passage recorded through Ussuriland, Korea, Japan, Hong Kong and coastal China. Race articola stages in W Alaska, and crosses Bering Strait to E Asian winter quarters. Almost entire population of pacifica uses Copper R Delta, SE Alaska, as spring staging site. Some 1-year-old birds remain in non-breeding range all year.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
• Copyright: GROMS/BfN - www.groms.de
  
  (A digitised version of this map is published in GIS shape format on the GROMS CD).