Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Nominate race mainly migratory N of 40 N, dispersive and resident to S; winters in S Eurasia, Africa N of Equator (where most birds occur on coast) to Indonesia. W European breeders winter mainly in SW Europe; origin of large numbers of W African winterers not known. Dispersal from breeding grounds starts immediately after fledging of young from late Jun, and southward migration peaks in Sept; passage through Morocco in Sept, and largest number of Banc d'Arguin (Mauritania) in Oct, passage through E Mediterranean in Sept. NW African breeding grounds reoccupied Mar-Apr or May, and northernmost breeding areas in Kyrgyzstan from May. Race dealbatus has been reported wintering on Philippines and N Borneo. Race nivosus partly migratory, some birds wintering outside breeding range on W & E coasts of Mexico and S to Panama; inland breeders move to coast. race seebohmi and occidentalis sedentary.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
• Copyright: GROMS/BfN - www.groms.de
  
  (A digitised version of this map is published in GIS shape format on the GROMS CD).