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Post-breeding dispersal into bays and fjords of Prince William Sound occurs late Jul and Aug. Migratory movements limited, most birds in Bering Sea and E Pacific remaining within breeding range; only small numbers from N regions (Chukchi Sea, N Bering Sea) move SW past Kamchatka Peninsula to Kuril Is. And SE to Gulf of Alaska, with few stragglers to N Japan and California. Winter distribution poorly known but spring influx and initiation of breeding in Chukchi Sea area by mid-Jun is c. 4 weeks later than at S & SE Alaskan coastal locations; some birds push N in leads in ice by late Apr, most later, but normally on sight and displaying at Cape Lisburne by Jun.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1996)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1996) - www.hbw.com,
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