Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Resident and migratory; migration poorly understood. Nomadic in response to fluctuating prey numbers in N Europe: overwinters N to C Finland during years with abundant prey, otherwise migratory in most of Fenno- Scandia and across northernmost parts of Asian range; birds breeding in Europe may winter as far S as Egypt, but largely sedentary in S Europe; Azores and Canary Is populations non-migratory. Accidental Iceland, Spitsbergen, Bear I, Iraq, Kuwait; in China, breeds in N, winters in S; Asian breeders winter as far S as N India and Indochina. Spring and autumn movements in appropriate directions in USA suggest regular migration (1 ringed in Montana recovered in Guanajuato, Mexico, having travelled 3200 km); presumably regular migrant in N Canada; commonly winters in breeding range throughout USA and extreme S Canada; accidental Alaska, Bermuda and Cuba.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1999)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1999) - www.hbw.com,
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