Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Populations of extreme N migratory, further S tend to be sedentary or dispersive; marked post-breeding dispersal (see page 392). In Palearctic, migratory tendency increases towards N and E; breeding populations of Iberian Peninsula, Britain and Ireland are sedentary, but others E to Siberia mainly migratory, though some individuals overwinter on breeding grounds; most migration towards SW, more rarely towards S or SE, starting Sept/Oct, with return starting in Feb. Birds of Far East migrate to S China; 2 birds ringed in SE Siebria recovered in N Thailand, partial migrant in Japan. Populations of Africa, India and SE Asia sedentary. Vagrant to Spitzbergen, Greenland, Lesser Antilles, Brazil. At Lac de Grand Lieu, W France, birds commute 2-38 km between colony and feeding territories.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1992)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1992) - www.hbw.com,
• Copyright: GROMS/BfN - www.groms.de
  
  (A digitised version of this map is published in GIS shape format on the GROMS CD).