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Partial migrant, with apparently only relatively small proportions of populations moving S for winter. Recorded Nov-Mar in Malay Peninsula. Nocturnal migrants recorded in Nov at Fraserīs Hill, W Malaysia, were nominate race or innominatus. In Strait of Malacca, 4 on passage through Riau Archipelago in mid-Sept to early Oct, and 3 of indeterminate race collected in Nov from lighthouse; believed to be common passage migrant of Karimun Besar. Status in Sumatra uncertain, where in past reported to be a breeding resident, but may be merely winter visitor or straggler; large southward movement of c. 2860 swiftlets over S Serkap in early Oct probably refers to this species. Nominate race is altitudinal migrant in parts of Himalayas, wintering at 900-2750 m in Nepal; a few records from NE Bangladesh, where species may be only irregular winter visitor. Type specimen of race innominatus from S Andamans, where species is probably only rare straggler in winter. Race vulcanorum strictly resident. Race rogersi not known with certainly S of Surat Thani; has been recorded in SW Yunnan (SC China).   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1999)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1999) - www.hbw.com,
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